Powering network IP video surveillance systems with fibre optic transmission

The advances in video surveillance technology have seen the increased adoption of network IP products over analogue systems. A key constant to this shift has been the critical need for reliable transmission of video signal. As the transition to network IP video continues, the need for the widely used coaxial cable is wavering in favour of Cat-5/ UTP cable and high-speed Ethernet connections using Internet protocol (IP) to send digitised video images. In part 1 of this article Jack Fernandes, President and CEO of American Fibertek, provides insights into the important aspects of digital video connectivity, and the role of technologies that make the critical connections in today's security and video surveillance systems It also touches upon the history and evolution of fibre optic video transmission.

Changing role of fibre optics within video transmission

Fibre optics have had a role in video transmission for many years, starting in the days when analogue video signals commonly traveled using amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency modulation (FM) across fibre optic cables. But that role is changing with the transition to network IP. Now, fibre optics are capable of sending massive amounts of digital information across vast distances, securely and immune to electromagnetic interference. Fibre optics are just part of the picture, and networking of IP-based video is leading a path into greater connectivity and functionality for digital video surveillance systems.

Benefits of fibre optic transmission

Fibre is also less easily tapped into or interfered with, which makes it a more secure means of transmitting data over long distances

Fibre optics has the ability to send data over longer distances than Cat-5 cabling. The IEEE 802.3ab standard limits each segment of a gigabit Ethernet over copper wiring to a distance of 100 meters (about 110 yards). Alternatively, gigabit Ethernet transmission over fibre optics can extend to dozens of miles. IEEE standards specify gigabit Ethernets using various cable fibre types and wavelengths of light that extend to distances up to 70 km (43 miles), thus expanding the reach of modern digital video systems to remote locations and thus increasing their functionality in a far-flung campus setting..

Further, the core of fibre optic cable is glass instead of metal, which makes it immune to lightning strikes, short circuits, "cross talk" or other electrical problems. It is lightweight, is stable within a wide temperature range and has a long service life; for example, fibre optic cables installed 20 years ago are still in service. Fibre is also less easily tapped into or interfered with, which makes it a more secure means of transmitting data over long distances.

History and evolution of fibre optic transmission

The availability of commercialised fibre optic technology dates back to the 1980s, when telecommunications companies began constructing massive networks using fibre optic cables. The core of a fibre- optic strand is clear glass surrounded by reflective cladding that keeps light traveling along the strand from escaping and redirects it along the fibre. This fibre strand is about the diameter of a human hair. Light pulses are used to transmit information along the fibre strand. A transmitter or transceiver on one end of the fibre transforms electrical pulses from a copper line into light pulses that are beamed along the fibre strand until they are converted back into electronic pulses at the receiving end.

Fibre optics are just part of the picture, and networking of IP-based video is leading a path into greater connectivity and functionality for digital video surveillance systems

The terms singlemode and multimode refer to the diameter of the fibre and how light waves travel through the fibre; singlemode fibre core is smaller and uses light that travels a single path or mode through the fibre to achieve a higher transmission rate. Singlemode fibre is less expensive than multimode, but singlemode converters are slightly more expensive than multimode versions.

A consequence of the dot-com boom is the existence of a large amount of unused, "dark" fibre, some installed by telephone companies looking to expand their market. Millions of miles of fibre strands are installed throughout the world -- more than 90 million miles in the US alone. Because installing fibre cables is expensive, often additional or spare fibre is deployed and put in place for possible future use, and this is especially true in schools, hospitals, libraries and other campus settings.

Fibre optic networks, often including dark fibres, are also likely to be available related to a customer's data system or telephone cabling system. This infrastructure can be leveraged as the backbone of a high-speed data network. Extension of fibre to new and remote locations is also necessary given the IEEE distance limitations on gigabit Ethernet.

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